What Are Exosomes
Delving Deeper: Exosomes in the Nanoscopic Realm
Exosomes are diminutive extracellular vesicles. Typically ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. They originate from endosomes, specialized compartments within the cell, through a complex process involving endosomal invagination and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation. When these MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane, exosomes are released into the extracellular environment, marking the beginning of their intercellular voyage.
Nature's Sophisticated Communication Network: The Exosome Pathway
Exosomes are carriers of diverse biomolecular cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and DNA), that are reflective of their parent cell. Through a sophisticated communication system, these vesicles transport their cargo from donor cells to recipient cells. Modulating the physiological and pathological states of the latter, and coordinating an array of biological processes.
The Clinical Relevance of Exosome
Regenerative Medicine
Exosomes are equipped with regenerative elements like growth factors (e.g., VEGF, TGF-beta), cytokines, and genetic material that promote cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, fostering tissue repair and regeneration. Their role in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis further accentuates their potential in regenerative medicine.
Angiogenesis
Exosomes are carriers of proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF and miRNAs (miR-126, miR-132), which stimulate the formation and maturation of new blood vessels. This is indispensable in restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues, healing wounds, and regenerating damaged tissues.
Immunomodulation
Exosomes can shape the immune response by ferrying immunomodulatory molecules, such as TGF-beta, IL-10, and PD-L1. They are capable of inducing immune tolerance, eliciting immune responses, or even instigating immune evasion in case of certain diseases, presenting new opportunities for immunotherapy.
Drug Delivery
Exosomes’ biocompatibility, stability, small size, and ability to cross biological barriers (including the blood-brain barrier) make them ideal candidates for targeted drug delivery systems. They can encapsulate drugs or therapeutic RNAs, delivering them directly to the target cells, thereby maximizing efficacy and minimizing adverse effects
The Advantage of Autologous Exosomes
Autologous exosome, sourced from a patient’s own body, offer unmatched safety and biocompatibility. They negate the risk of immune rejection, adverse reactions, or pathogen transmission, making them highly suitable for therapeutic applications.
exosmart™: Harnessing the Power of Autologous Exosomes
Autologous exosome, sourced from a patient’s own body, offer unmatched safety and biocompatibility. They negate the risk of immune rejection, adverse reactions, or pathogen transmission, making them highly suitable for therapeutic applications.
